“Sometimes one who thinks himself incomplete is merely young .”
— Italo Calvino
Brain development in young people
Young people face a growing number of challenges during their development. They enter a period of significant development that begins with the onset of puberty and ends in the mid-20s. Consider how different a young person’s brain is at the age of 12 from the person he or she is at age 25. The brain isn’t fully mature until at least age 25.
The basic architecture of the brain is constructed through an ongoing process that begins before birth and continues into adulthood. Simpler neural connections and skills form first, followed by more complex circuits and skills. In young people the brain is still developing. For example, as shown in this figure, the prefrontal cortex, which houses executive functioning skills that control impulses, judgement and decision-making is one of the last areas of the brain to develop.
Nature vs Nurture in young people
The interactions of genes and experience shape the developing brain. Although genes provide the blueprint for the formation of brain circuits, these circuits are reinforced by repeated use. Ultimately, genes and experiences work together to construct brain architecture. The trajectory between this period involves a profound amount of change in all domains of development—biological, cognitive, psychosocial, and emotional. Personal relationships and settings also change during this period, as peers and romantic partners become more central and as young people move into and then beyond secondary school or gain employment.
Seeking help
I frequently see young people who are struggling to cope with the challenging next step of developing brain and associated complexity and stepping off into more independence. During this phase they typically feel alone and isolated. It can be concerning if you think you are experiencing a mental health issue; early symptoms of mental disorders can be very subtle and difficult to identify but may indicate a vulnerability to developing underlying mental health conditions.
However, these symptoms can often have other causes, such as stress. So, do not remain alone: it can be important to speak to an expert professional if you have any concerns, to ensure you are are able to restore your mental wellbeing.